Nova3D Generates Programmable 3D Assets as Executable Blender Source Code

Introduction to Nova3D

Nova3D is a new system designed to generate 3D assets not as static meshes, but as executable Blender source code. This method fundamentally changes how 3D objects are created and interacted with, moving beyond the limitations of visually strong but opaque mesh surfaces produced by most current 3D generative models. The compiled mesh, typically a binary glTF (GLB) file, is considered an artifact, while the source code represents the true asset.

Addressing Limitations of Current 3D Models

Current 3D generative models primarily produce final surfaces, which lack the inherent structure needed for interactive 3D environments. Interactive worlds require assets with named parts, assembly hierarchies, measurable constraints, local edit handles, and joints for articulation. Nova3D addresses these needs by embedding semantic handles directly into the generated code, eliminating the need for post-generation segmentation or rigging.

Evaluation and Performance

Nova3D was evaluated on Nova3D-Bench, a benchmark comprising 54 items across six domains and three difficulty levels, using both text and image inputs. The system successfully produced executable programs and valid artifacts for all 54 items. Each asset generated by Nova3D exposes named parts organized in a parent-child assembly tree, a feature not present in mesh-native, CAD, or segmentation baselines. It satisfied 51 out of 52 prompt-stated numeric and count constraints, significantly outperforming the best baseline which achieved 11 out of 52. Nova3D also passed 14 out of 18 blinded local edits with locality preserved in all 18 cases, and articulated 59 joints across 12 assets with 98.3% geometric validity, whereas no baseline offered native joints.

Impact on 3D Asset Programmability

The core innovation of Nova3D lies in its representational approach: code-native generation transforms a generated 3D object from an opaque surface into a programmable asset. This allows downstream systems to inspect, measure, edit, and animate the assets directly through their underlying code. While its geometry is competitive, winning structured domains and ranking second to the strongest mesh-native model, Nova3D prioritizes programmability over texture realism, which is typically associated with baked-PBR systems.