Underwater Infrastructure Becomes New Focus for Warfare and Surveillance

Growing Concerns Over Subsea Infrastructure

Nations and corporations are dedicating resources to new underwater technologies, prompted by increasing concerns about the security of critical subsea infrastructure. This includes the vast network of connectivity cables and energy pipelines that traverse the ocean floor, which are vital for the global economy.

Hybrid Warfare and Vulnerabilities

The heightened attention is linked to the rise of hybrid warfare, which encompasses cyberattacks, energy sabotage, and other non-conventional military methods. Experts note that the changing threat environment has brought the vulnerability of subsea assets to the forefront, requiring a significant effort to catch up on neglected security measures.

Technological Advancements in Underwater Surveillance

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, drones, and autonomous technology are enabling new approaches to underwater surveillance. Autonomous underwater vehicles and sensors attached to subsea cables are being explored by governments and military alliances to enhance monitoring capabilities for this critical infrastructure.

Past Incidents Driving Focus

The deliberate sabotage of the Nord Stream gas pipelines in September 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, significantly focused government attention on these vulnerabilities. Similar incidents affecting subsea infrastructure in other regions, such as the Arctic and near Taiwan, have underscored the need for improved protection and monitoring of these assets.

Scope of Subsea Networks

Globally, over 1.5 million kilometers of submarine communications cables are projected to be in service by early 2026. In addition to telecommunications and oil/gas pipelines, a growing network of subsea power cables connects electricity markets and transmits power from offshore wind farms, further expanding the critical infrastructure on the ocean floor.